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Fort Colvile
The trade center Fort Colvile (also Fort Colville) was built by the Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) at Kettle Falls on the Columbia River in 1825 and operated in the Columbia fur district of the company. Named for Andrew Colville,〔Lewis, S. William. ''Information concerning the Establishment of Fort Colvile.'' The Washington Historical Quarterly 16, No. 2 (1925), pp. 102-107〕 a London governor of the HBC, the fort was a few miles west of the present site of Colville, Washington. It was an important stop on the York Factory Express trade route to London via the Hudson Bay. The HBC for some time considered Fort Colvile second in importance only to Fort Vancouver, near the mouth of the Columbia, until the foundation of Fort Victoria.
Under the Treaty of 1818, the Great Britain and the United States of America both claimed rights to the Oregon Country. This contentious dispute for ownership of the land was ended by the Oregon Treaty of 1846. The boundary between British North America and the United States was extended to the Pacific Ocean on the 49th Parallel, with all of Vancouver Island considered British. During the gold rushes of the 1850s and 1860s, Fort Colvile in 1860 especially became an important centre for mining activity and supplies. Abandoned in June 1871,〔Barman, Jean and Bruce M. Watson. ''Fort Colvile's Fur Trade Families and the Dynamics of Race in the Pacific Northwest.'' The Pacific Northwest Quarterly 90, No. 3 (1999), 140-153.〕 some buildings stood until they burned in 1910.
The construction of Grand Coulee Dam resulted in the site being flooded in 1940, as was Kettle Falls. When Lake Roosevelt was drawn down for construction of Grand Coulee Dam's Powerhouse #3 in the late 1960s and early 1970, Fort Colvile and Kettle Falls were revealed. After archaeological work was performed by Washington State University and the University of Idaho, the Fort Colvile site was again inundated by Lake Roosevelt. In 1974, Fort Colvile was added to the National Register of Historic Places for its historic significance.〔(''Currents and Undercurrents:, An Administrative History of Lake Roosevelt National Recreation Area'' ), National Park Service〕
==Establishment==
It replaced Spokane House as a regional trading center, due to the latter being deemed to be too far from the Columbia River.〔(''John Jacob Astor's Pacific Fur Company establishes Fort Spokane in 1812'' HistoryLink.org Essay 5101 )〕 Governor Simpson considered the disuse of Spokane House to likely offend Spokane elders, and ordered for a dispersement of gifts among them.〔 The removal of the company property at Spokane House was moved to Fort Colvile in March 1826.〔 Simpson also gave instructions to Chief Factor John McLoughlin for "every possible exertion be used to be lay up an abundant stock of Fish and other provisions" due to limited capacity to send freight from Fort Vancouver.〔 Additionally Simpson stated that a station on Kettle Falls would be "a more desirable situation in regard to Farming, fish, provisions generally as also in respect to Trade..." than the Spokane House.〔Gibson, James R. ''Farming the Frontier, the Agricultural Opening of the Oregon Country 1786-1846.'' Vancouver, B.C.: University of British Columbia Press. 1985, p. 43.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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